State of the art in chromovitrectomy / Estado da arte da cromovitrectomia

Vitrectomy is a surgery that involves complex and delicate techniques that treat diseases such as macular hole, epiretinal membrane and diabetic macular edema. Chromovitrectomy is one of these techniques and includes the use of coloring agents such as vital dyes or crystals to enhanced visibility of transparent structures during vitrectomy. The aim of this study was to present a modern approach, based on scientific evidence, about the application and indication of vital coloring agents during vitrectomy. The use of such agents has made this surgery more predictable and has increased its post-operative prognosis. Although research on chromovitrectomy is currently expanding there is still not an established gold standard dyeing agent.

A cirurgia vitreorretiniana é uma cirurgia que envolve técnicas complexas e delicadas que tratam doenças como buraco macular, membrana epirretiniana e o edema macular diabético. A cromovitrectomia é uma dessas técnicas que incluem o uso de corantes compostos de pigmentos vitais ou cristais para melhorar a visibilização de estruturas transparentes durante a cirurgia de vitrectomia. O objetivo desse artigo foi apresentar uma abordagem atual, baseada em evidências, sobre a aplicação e indicação de corantes vitais durante a cirurgia vitreorretiniana. O emprego desses corantes possibilitou uma maior previsibilidade para a cirurgia, melhorando assim seu prognóstico pós-operatório. Apesar do campo da cromovitrectomia está em plena expansão de pesquisas, um corante gold standard para cromovitrectomia ainda não está estabelecido.

Descoloração de azul de bromofenol utilizando peroxidase imobilizada em pó de sabugo de milho altamente ativado / Bromofhenol blue discoloration using peroxidase immobilized on highly activated corncob powder

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of peroxidase immobilized on corncob powder for the discoloration of dye. Peroxidase was extracted from soybean seed coat, followed by amination of the surface of the tertiary structure. The aminated peroxidase was immobilized on highly activated corncob powder and employed for the discoloration of bromophenol blue. Amination was performed with 10 or 50 mmol.L-1 carbodiimide and 1 mol.L-1 ethylenediamine. The amount of protein in the extract was 0.235 ± 0.011 mg.mL-1 and specific peroxidase activity was 86.06 ± 1.52 μmol min-1. mg -1 , using 1 mmol.L-1 ABTS as substrate. Ten mmol.L-1 and 50 mmol.L-1 aminated peroxidase retained 88 and 100% of the initial activity. Following covalent immobilization on a corncob powder-glyoxyl support, 10 and 50 mmol.L-1 aminated peroxidase retained 74 and 86% of activity, respectively. Derivatives were used for the discoloration of 0.02 mmol.L-1 bromophenol blue solution. After 30 min, 93 and 89% discoloration was achieved with the 10 mmol.L-1 and 50 mmol.L-1 derivatives, respectively. Moreover, these derivatives retained 60% of the catalytic properties when used three times. Peroxidase extracted from soybean seed coat immobilized on a low-cost corncob powder support exhibited improved thermal stability.

Nesta pesquisa a enzima peroxidase foi extraída do tegumento de sementes de soja, e a superfície da estrutura terciária foi aminada. A peroxidase aminada foi imobilizada em suporte pó de sabugo de milho altamente ativado e utilizado na descoloração de azul de bromofenol. A aminação da peroxidase foi realizada com carbodiimida em concentrações de 10 e 50 mmol.L-1 , e 1 mol.L-1 de etilenodiamina. A quantidade de proteínas no extrato foi de 0,235 ± 0,011 mg.mL-1 , e a atividade específica da peroxidase foi 86,06 ± 1,52 μmol min-1 .mg-1, usando 1 mmol.L-1 de ABTS como substrato. A peroxidase aminada a 10 mmol.L-1 reteve 88% e a aminada a 50 mmol.L-1 reteve 100% da atividade inicial. As peroxidases aminadas a 10 ou 50 mmol.L-1 foram covalentemente imobilizadas em suporte glioxil-pó de sabugo de milho com atividade recuperada de 74% e 86%, respectivamente. Os derivados obtidos foram utilizados na descoloração de solução de azul de bromofenol 0,02 mmol.L-1 . Após 30 min 93% de descoloração foram alcançados com o derivado glioxil-pó de sabugo de milho com a peroxidase aminada 10 mmol.L-1 e 89% com a aminada 50 mmol.L-1 . Estes derivados mantiveram 60% das propriedades catalíticas, quando utilizado por três vezes. A peroxidase extraída do tegumento da semente de soja imobilizada em suporte de baixo custo pó de sabugo de milho apresentou melhoria na estabilidade térmica da enzima.

[Extractive spectrophotometric determination of isopropamide iodide in its pharmaceutical formulations using bromophenol blue, eosine Y and amido black]

We developed simple, rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ISPI in tables. The proposed methods are based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between the examined drug with BPB, AB in alkaline buffer at pH [9.0-9.5] and EO in buffer at pH=6.5, the complexes were extractable with dichloromethane which can be measured at the optimum lambda [max]. beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges a 0.96-14.4 micro g.ml[-1], 0.481-7.213 micro g.ml[-1] and 0.962-28.85 micro g.ml[-1] for the complexes ISPI-BPB, EO-ISPI and AB-ISPI respectively. The proposed methods were directly and easily applied to ISPI pharmaceutical preparations with accuracy, with results from recovery experiments ranging between 99.22 and 100.10% for BPB, 98.55 and 102.29% for EO and 98.75 and 101.93% for AB methods. The low relative standard deviation values indicate good precision and high recovery values indicate accuracy of the proposed methods. Therefore the proposed methods have been successfully applied to the determination of drug in commercial tablets

Stability-indicating spectrophotometric method for determination of Moexipril-HCL in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation

Three simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric procedures have been established for the assay of Moexipril-HCI in bulk form, in pharmaceutical formulations, and in the presence of its degradation products. The procedures are based on the reaction between the examined drug and bromocresol purple [BCP], bromophenol blue [BPB], and bromothymol blue [BTB] in aqueous acidic medium producing an ion-pair complexes extracted in chloroform and measured at the optimum wavelengths. Reaction conditions were studied and optimized to obtain the maximum color intensity. The reactions were extremely rapid at room temperature and the absorbance values remains unchanged for 48 h. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges 4-32, 4-24, and 4-40 microg ml[-1] with molar absorptivities of 1.7x10[4], 2.1x10[4], and 1.5x10[4] mol[-1] cm[-1] and detection limit of 0.064, 0.065, and 0.077 microg ml[-1] for BCP, BPB, and BTB methods, respectively. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in pure form and in its dosage forms with percentage recoveries range from 99.29 - 100.11. Statistical comparison of the results with those obtained by second derivatives spectrophotometric method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision

spectroscopic method for quantitative determination of clarithromycin and roxithromycin

A simple spectroscopic method was developed for the quantitative determination of the macrolide antibacterials, clarithromycine [Clar] roxithromycin [Rox]. The method is based on the ability of both drugs to form ion associates [ion pair complex] with bromophenol blue which are extractable into dichloromethane. The ion pair complex exhibit maximum absorption at 414 nm with E 1 percent, 1cm of 228 and 234 for Clar and Rox respectively. A linear relationship [r> 0.9994] was established between the absorbance of the extract at 414 nm and the concentration of each drug. The method was linear in the concentration range 10-40 micro g/ml for both drugs. Percentage relative standard deviation of the absorbance values [n=10] at 10 micro g/ml was less than 0.7. The method was used to analyze the antibacterials Clar and Rox in tablets and raw material. Clar was also analyzed in suspension dosage from. Comparison of the method with standard HPLC method has shown that the method is accurate, precise and selective enough for determining the level of the antibacterials in a tablet or suspension preparation

Preparation of sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) specimens for histological studies

Phlebotominae sand fly specimens were prepared for histological and physiological studies. Different fixatives were tested on sectioned and whole bodied adult females in order to obtain good fixation and provide satisfactory penetration of the embedding media. All fixed specimens were infiltrated (up to seven days under 5ºC) and embedded in hydroxyethyl metacrylate. Two-three æm sections were stained, mounted in Canada balsam and observed by light microscopy. Best results were achieved when whole bodied insects were double fixed in Bouin's and Carnoy's fluids (4 h/2 h) and stained in Hematoxilin/Eosin or fixed in calcium formaldehyde and stained in mercury bromophenol blue

Caracterización cromatográfica de subfracciones antimicrobianas del agua del volcán Copahue (Neuquén, Argentina) / Chromatographic characterization of antimicrobial subfractions from the Copahue Volcano water (Neuquén, Argentine)

Eluciones susivas con distintos solventes del carbón activado, usado como adsorbente del Agua del Volcán Copahue (AVC) permitieron confirmar de nuevo que la extrema acidez de las muestras naturales obtenidas de la vertiente, no es la principal causa del efecto antibiótico, en contacto de breve período en las valoraciones biológicas. Los ensayos cromatográficos, aplicando reactivos microquímicos específicos y modificados, permitieron la detección de los principales compuestos acídicos, a partir de los eluidos residuales sucesivos, respectivamente obtenidos con acetato de etilo y con éter sulfúrico. Con acetato de metanólicos. Se sugiere que el AVC contiene, además de los productos sulfurosos bioactivos, otros elementos que actuarían en forma aditiva o sinérgica en los efectos biocidas y regenerativos, importantes en la crenoterapia

Sensibiblidad y especificidad de la determinación semicuantitativa de microalbuminuria para el diagnóstico de nefropatía diabética / Sensibility and specificity of semiquantitative colorimetric bromophenol-blue test in the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy

Con la finalidad de demostrar la utilidad de la prueba colorimétrica semicuantitativa de azul de bromofenol para la detección de microalbuminuria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus insulino dependiente, se realizó un estudio comparativo entre este método y la determinación cuantitativa de microalbuminuria por radioinmunoanálisis (RIA). Se analizaron por duplicado para el método semicuantitativo y de manera única para RIA las orinas de 82 pacientes, y se encontró una sensibilidad de 60 por ciento, una especificidad del 83.3 por ciento, una falsa alarma de 16.6 por ciento, valor predictivo positivo de 33.3 por ciento y valor negativo de 93.7 por ciento. Se concluye que la determinación colorimétrica semicuantitativa de azul de bromofenol es útil para descartar la existencia de microalbuminuria, pero que su confiabilidad es limitada para diagnosticar la existencia de microalbuminuria, por lo que los resultados positivos por este método, deben de corroborarse mediante determinación cuantitativa específica

A Study on the Electrophoretic Analysis of the Joint Fluid Proteins in Rheumatoid Arthritis / 대한정형외과학회잡지

In several pathologic conditions of the joints, it is rather frequent to find a swollen joint. The authors performed an analysis of the joint fluid proteins from 20 cases of rheumatoid arthrit is and 20 normal Kore an adults with the object of evaluating the significance of it s clinical application. The study was done with Beckman Model R System, Durrum type cell, and scanned with Model RB Analytrol. Scheicher and Schuell 2043-A paper was used with diethyl barbituric acid-sodium diethyl barbituratebuffer, pH 8.6, ionic strenght 0.075 and stianed with 0.1% bromphenol blue. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The amount of total protein was significantly increased with average of 4.80 + 1.249gm% in comparison with 2.34 + 0.553gm% in normal group. 2) Albumin fraction showed the average of 41.86 + 6.219% in comparison with 64.85 + 5.288% in normal group. 3) Alpha 2 globulin fraction disclosed the average of 10.19 + 3.379% in comparison with 4.24 + 1.158% in normal group, which was significantly increased one. 4) Gammaglobulin fraction was also significantly elevated with the average of 21.51 + 8.942% in comparison with 11.70 + 1.923% in normal group. 5) There was noted a decreased A/G ratio, the average of 0.74 + 0.196, in comparison with 1.911 + 0.430 in normal group.